THE POPULATION OF BACTERIA IN INLAND PEAT SOIL AT CENTRAL KALIMANTAN WITH SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANTIBIOTIC TEST OF Pathogenic Escherichia coli
AND Klebsiella pneumoniae
By: Saritha Kittie Uda
Academic Supervisors: Dr. Jetty Nurhajati* and Drs. Isak Solihin**
THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF PADJADJARAN, BANDUNG, INDONESIA
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biology
AND Klebsiella pneumoniae
By: Saritha Kittie Uda
Academic Supervisors: Dr. Jetty Nurhajati* and Drs. Isak Solihin**
THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF PADJADJARAN, BANDUNG, INDONESIA
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biology
INTRODUCTION
Cutting down the peat swamp forest in the area of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia for transmigration housing, agricultural and plantation conversion, and large-scale logging as well as opened land, not only causes physical and chemical changes but also influences the ecosystem of the land, including soil bacteria life. One of them, which is called pathogen, is very harmful to human health, such as pathogenic Escherichia coli causing diarrhoea and Klebsiella pneumoniae causing pneumonia, which lead to the increase of mortality rate. In addition, it can also indicate that the environment has been widely polluted by the pathogen bacteria. Effort on medical treatment of these diseases has been done commonly by using antibiotics. However, the susceptibility of the antibiotics information has never been reported. Therefore, it is urgent to conduct the research on the issue.
METHODOLOGY
Samples of inland peat soil were taken from Kalampangan village, in Palangka Raya Municipality, Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. These samples’s location covered those of housing area, agriculture land, and opened land that has been not used yet by the people in the area. Then, these samples were examined at Microbiology Laboratory of Health Laboratory in Bandung, Indonesia. Implementation and writing of the research took place from December 1997 to June 1998. The research involves counting the total bacteria number using pour plate method; the total Coliform group number and the total E. coli number using triple series of Most Probable Number method; isolation, identification and susceptibility test of pathogenic E. coli and K. pneumoniae to 14 kinds of antibiotics using Bauer-Kirby method; and analyzes data.
* Lecturer at Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The State University of Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.
** Chief of Microbiology Section at The Health Laboratory in Bandung, Indonesia.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The result showed significant differences in total bacteria number, total Coliform group number and total E. coli number in inland peat soil from the three locations. The least was the total bacteria number and total Coliform group number in opened land that has been not used yet; and total E. coli number in housing area was the most. From 30 samples, 11 isolates of pathogenic E. coli were discovered and from these isolates 9 susceptibility patterns were found. Those isolates were very sensitive (100%) to antibiotics: gentamicin, tobramycin, chloramphenicol, amikacin, sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim, and cefuroxime sodium; and were resistant to antibiotics: cephalothin (60,5%), carbenicillin (41,5%), amoxicillin (35,5%), ampicillin (29%), tetracycline (19%), ticarcillin (12,5%), ceftazidime (6,5%), dan kanamycin (6,5%). From the 30 samples, 19 isolates of K. pneumoniae were discovered and from these isolates 13 susceptibility patterns were found. Those were very sensitive (100%) antibiotics: gentamicin and ceftazidime; and were resistant to antibiotics: ampicillin (100%), amoxicillin (100%), carbenicillin (100%), ticarcillin (93,3%), tetracycline (54,3%), kanamycin (16,3%), cephalothin (8%), chloramphenicol (8%), amikacin (8%), sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim (8%), tobramycin (6,7%), and cefuroxime sodium (3,3%).
CONCLUSION
E.coli and K. pneumoniae are pathogen bacteria that can survive longer in land and their existence indicates that the pollution has happened in the environment. Using antibiotics commonly did the diseases treatment due to bacteria, and often there is resistant towards one or more antibiotics because of uncontrolled use. The users are not aware that the bacteria have been resistant to the antibiotics.
REFERENCES
Atlas, R. M., and Bartha, R. 1993: Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and Application. 3rd Edition. New York: The Benjamin/Cumming Publishing Company, Inc.
Kantor Wilayah Departemen Kesehatan Propinsi Kalimantan Tengah. 1997: Rekapitulasi Penanggulangan Penyakit Diare (P2D) dan ISPA: Pneumonia TKT.DATI I Kalimantan Tengah. Palangka Raya : Annual Report.
Rieley, J., S. Page, and P. Shepherd. 1997: Tropical Peatland. Samara House, Tresaith, and Cardigan: Samara Publishing Limited, 2-14.
Cutting down the peat swamp forest in the area of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia for transmigration housing, agricultural and plantation conversion, and large-scale logging as well as opened land, not only causes physical and chemical changes but also influences the ecosystem of the land, including soil bacteria life. One of them, which is called pathogen, is very harmful to human health, such as pathogenic Escherichia coli causing diarrhoea and Klebsiella pneumoniae causing pneumonia, which lead to the increase of mortality rate. In addition, it can also indicate that the environment has been widely polluted by the pathogen bacteria. Effort on medical treatment of these diseases has been done commonly by using antibiotics. However, the susceptibility of the antibiotics information has never been reported. Therefore, it is urgent to conduct the research on the issue.
METHODOLOGY
Samples of inland peat soil were taken from Kalampangan village, in Palangka Raya Municipality, Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. These samples’s location covered those of housing area, agriculture land, and opened land that has been not used yet by the people in the area. Then, these samples were examined at Microbiology Laboratory of Health Laboratory in Bandung, Indonesia. Implementation and writing of the research took place from December 1997 to June 1998. The research involves counting the total bacteria number using pour plate method; the total Coliform group number and the total E. coli number using triple series of Most Probable Number method; isolation, identification and susceptibility test of pathogenic E. coli and K. pneumoniae to 14 kinds of antibiotics using Bauer-Kirby method; and analyzes data.
* Lecturer at Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The State University of Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.
** Chief of Microbiology Section at The Health Laboratory in Bandung, Indonesia.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The result showed significant differences in total bacteria number, total Coliform group number and total E. coli number in inland peat soil from the three locations. The least was the total bacteria number and total Coliform group number in opened land that has been not used yet; and total E. coli number in housing area was the most. From 30 samples, 11 isolates of pathogenic E. coli were discovered and from these isolates 9 susceptibility patterns were found. Those isolates were very sensitive (100%) to antibiotics: gentamicin, tobramycin, chloramphenicol, amikacin, sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim, and cefuroxime sodium; and were resistant to antibiotics: cephalothin (60,5%), carbenicillin (41,5%), amoxicillin (35,5%), ampicillin (29%), tetracycline (19%), ticarcillin (12,5%), ceftazidime (6,5%), dan kanamycin (6,5%). From the 30 samples, 19 isolates of K. pneumoniae were discovered and from these isolates 13 susceptibility patterns were found. Those were very sensitive (100%) antibiotics: gentamicin and ceftazidime; and were resistant to antibiotics: ampicillin (100%), amoxicillin (100%), carbenicillin (100%), ticarcillin (93,3%), tetracycline (54,3%), kanamycin (16,3%), cephalothin (8%), chloramphenicol (8%), amikacin (8%), sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim (8%), tobramycin (6,7%), and cefuroxime sodium (3,3%).
CONCLUSION
E.coli and K. pneumoniae are pathogen bacteria that can survive longer in land and their existence indicates that the pollution has happened in the environment. Using antibiotics commonly did the diseases treatment due to bacteria, and often there is resistant towards one or more antibiotics because of uncontrolled use. The users are not aware that the bacteria have been resistant to the antibiotics.
REFERENCES
Atlas, R. M., and Bartha, R. 1993: Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and Application. 3rd Edition. New York: The Benjamin/Cumming Publishing Company, Inc.
Kantor Wilayah Departemen Kesehatan Propinsi Kalimantan Tengah. 1997: Rekapitulasi Penanggulangan Penyakit Diare (P2D) dan ISPA: Pneumonia TKT.DATI I Kalimantan Tengah. Palangka Raya : Annual Report.
Rieley, J., S. Page, and P. Shepherd. 1997: Tropical Peatland. Samara House, Tresaith, and Cardigan: Samara Publishing Limited, 2-14.
